{"id":17485,"date":"2023-04-10T09:33:37","date_gmt":"2023-04-10T01:33:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/?post_type=application&#038;p=17485"},"modified":"2026-03-09T10:50:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T02:50:32","slug":"elisa","status":"publish","type":"application","link":"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/en\/application\/elisa\/","title":{"rendered":"ELISA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a powerful and widely used laboratory technique in the field of immunology. It plays a pivotal role in detecting and quantifying specific proteins, antibodies, or antigens in biological samples. ELISA offers high sensitivity, specificity, and versatility, making it an indispensable tool in various areas such as clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, and pharmaceutical development.<\/p>\n<p>By discussing ELISA, we gain insights into its significance in disease diagnosis, vaccine development, drug discovery, and understanding immune responses. Understanding the principles, methodologies, and advancements in ELISA enables researchers and healthcare professionals to enhance their analytical capabilities, improve patient care, and advance scientific knowledge in immunological studies. Therefore, exploring the topic of ELISA is crucial for anyone involved in the fields of immunology, diagnostics, and biomedical research.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><!-- Begin Mailchimp Signup Form --><\/p>\n<div id=\"mc_embed_signup\">\n<form id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" class=\"validate\" action=\"https:\/\/rocker.us12.list-manage.com\/subscribe\/post?u=58ef36f6c5073517cb6c76cc7&amp;id=454e696053&amp;f_id=0072bee0f0\" method=\"post\" name=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" target=\"_self\">\n<div id=\"mc_embed_signup_scroll\">\n<h3>Subscribe for firsthand information!<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"mc-field-group\"><label for=\"mce-EMAIL\">Email<span class=\"asterisk\">:<\/span> <\/label> <input id=\"mce-EMAIL\" class=\"required email\" name=\"EMAIL\" required=\"\" type=\"email\" value=\"\" \/> <span id=\"mce-EMAIL-HELPERTEXT\" class=\"helper_text\"><\/span> <input id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe\" class=\"button\" name=\"subscribe\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Subscribe\" \/><\/div>\n<div id=\"mce-responses\" class=\"clear\">\n<div id=\"mce-error-response\" class=\"response\" style=\"display: none;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div id=\"mce-success-response\" class=\"response\" style=\"display: none;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- real people should not fill this in and expect good things - do not remove this or risk form bot signups--><\/p>\n<div style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><input tabindex=\"-1\" name=\"b_58ef36f6c5073517cb6c76cc7_454e696053\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--End mc_embed_signup--><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color: #e9eef0; padding: 10px 20px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"#P1\">What is ELISA?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#P2\">Four operational methods of ELISA<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#P3\">Causes of false positive, high background, low signal of ELISA<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#P4\">ELISA procedure<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#P5\">Differences between ELISA and PCR?<\/a><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"P1\"><\/a>What is ELISA?<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), also known as enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme-linked assay, is a sensitive and specific molecular biology analysis technology widely used in biology, biochemistry, and medical research. It mainly utilizes the specific bond between an antigen and antibody on a solid surface, such as a microwell plate, and employs enzyme-labeled antibodies or antigens to detect target molecules in the sample. The enzymes used for labeling are commonly known as reporter enzymes, with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) being common examples.<\/p>\n<p>ELISA offers numerous advantages over other immunoassay techniques. Firstly, it demonstrates higher sensitivity and specificity compared to alternative immunological detection methods. ELISA can detect very low concentrations of biomolecules, including proteins, antibodies, and cytokines, and can distinguish between similar molecules. This enhances the reliability and precision of ELISA in diagnosing diseases, monitoring conditions, and detecting pathogens.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of operation, ELISA is simple, fast, and easily automated, reducing manual errors and enhancing experiment stability and repeatability. Moreover, ELISA requires a small amount of sample, preserving precious samples. Additionally, ELISA can be applied for high-throughput detection, enabling simultaneous testing of multiple samples, thus improving detection efficiency and saving time and costs. Furthermore, ELISA is a non-radioactive detection method, eliminating radiation hazards and complying with environmental and health regulations. Consequently, ELISA finds wide applications in clinical diagnosis, life science research, and other fields.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ELISA can be classified into three categories based on different analytical purposes: qualitative, quantitative, and semi-quantitative.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qualitative ELISA<\/strong> is employed to determine the presence or absence of specific biomolecules, such as pathogen antigens or antibodies, in a sample. Typically, a single antibody is used to detect the sample, and if the target molecule is present, a signal will be generated; otherwise, no signal will be observed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quantitative ELISA<\/strong> is used to measure the concentration of a target molecule in a sample. This method usually involves constructing a standard curve for quantification. During analysis, the absorbance value of the sample corresponds to a known sample concentration on the standard curve, allowing for the calculation of the target molecule&#8217;s concentration in the sample.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semi-quantitative ELISA<\/strong> is an analytical method that lies between qualitative and quantitative approaches. It is commonly used to estimate the relative concentration of target molecules in a sample. This method involves comparing the sample with a standard substance of known concentration to determine the relative concentration of the target molecule in the sample.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"P2\"><\/a>Four operational methods of ELISA<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ELISA can be classified into four methods: Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA, and Competitive ELISA.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Direct ELISA<\/h3>\n<p>Direct ELISA is commonly used for antigen detection. In this process, only one primary antibody is required, and the analyte can be detected without complicated steps, making it the simplest ELISA method. The operational procedure involves immobilizing the target antigen onto a solid surface, typically a 96-well plate, and then utilizing an enzyme-labeled primary antibody to detect the antigen under examination.<\/p>\n<p>Due to the simplicity of the reaction process, the direct method allows for rapid analysis of results and avoids non-specific interaction reactions caused by secondary antibodies. However, since only one antibody is used, the direct method lacks signal amplification capability, resulting in reduced detection sensitivity. Additionally, labeling the primary antibodies with enzymes is time-consuming and costly.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Indirect ELISA<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Indirect ELISA is a detection method that uses a primary antibody combined with an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody, and is usually used to detect an unknown primary antibody. Among them, the most common application example is to detect AIDS virus (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV).<br \/>\nThe steps of this method are to first immobilize the known antigen on the solid surface, add the sample, and then add the enzyme-labeled secondary antibody to detect the antibody to be tested. Since two kinds of antibodies are used, the indirect method has higher sensitivity and can use a variety of primary antibodies, which is more flexible in application.<br \/>\nHowever, in indirect ELISA, there may be interactions between the secondary antibodies, resulting in non-specific signals and affecting the accuracy of the experimental results. To solve this problem, a blocking solution can be added during the experiment to reduce non-specific interactions. In this way, the indirect method can detect the antibody to be tested more accurately and obtain reliable results.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Sandwich ELISA<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Indirect ELISA is a detection method that utilizes a primary antibody in combination with an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody. It is commonly employed to detect unknown primary antibodies, with one of the most frequent applications being the detection of the AIDS virus (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV).<\/p>\n<p>The steps of this method involve immobilizing the known antigen on a solid surface, adding the sample, and subsequently introducing the enzyme-labeled secondary antibody to detect the target antibody. By employing two types of antibodies, the indirect method offers higher sensitivity and allows for the use of various primary antibodies, making it more versatile in application.<\/p>\n<p>However, in indirect ELISA, there is a possibility of interactions occurring between the secondary antibodies, resulting in non-specific signals that can affect the accuracy of experimental results. To address this issue, a blocking solution can be added during the experiment to reduce non-specific interactions. This enables the indirect method to achieve more accurate detection of the target antibody and obtain reliable results.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Competitive ELISA<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Competition ELISA, also referred to as competition inhibition ELISA, involves the competition between the antigen to be tested and the enzyme-labeled biomolecule for binding to the antigen or antibody immobilized on a solid surface. When the concentration of the antigen to be tested is higher in the specimen, it will bind to more antibodies, leading to reduced binding of the enzyme-labeled antibody and a lower signal value in the color reaction. Thus, the concentration of the antigen to be tested is inversely proportional to the color reaction. This method is commonly employed for the detection of haptens or small molecule antigens.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"768\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"12%\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Direct ELISA<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Indirect ELISA<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Sandwich ELISA<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Competitive ELISA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How it work<\/td>\n<td>Immobilize the target antigen on a solid surface, and use the enzyme-labeled primary antibody to detect the antigen to be tested<\/td>\n<td>Immobilize the known antigen on the solid surface, add the primary antibody, and then add the enzyme-labeled secondary antibody to detect the antibody to be tested<\/td>\n<td>The two antibodies specifically identify the antigen in the specimen twice<\/td>\n<td>Use the antigen to be tested and the enzyme-labeled biomolecule to compete for binding to the antigen or antibody immobilized on the solid surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Advantage(s)<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Faster<br \/>\n\u2022 No secondary antibody interaction<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Higher sensitivity<br \/>\n\u2022 Able to use a variety of primary antibodies, high flexibility<br \/>\n\u2022 Lower cost<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Not requiring purified sample<br \/>\n\u2022 Higher sensitivity<br \/>\n\u2022 High specificity<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Not requiring purified sample<br \/>\n\u2022 Able to\u00a0detect most antigens in a single sample<br \/>\n\u2022 Lower variability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Disadvantage(s)<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Lower sensitivity<br \/>\n\u2022 False positives or interference may occur<br \/>\n\u2022 Specific primary antibody is required<br \/>\n\u2022 Enzyme-labeled primary antibody is required, which is time-consuming and expensive<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Secondary Antibody Interactions<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Specific primary and secondary antibodies are required<br \/>\n\u2022 The antigen to be tested must be a multivalent antigen<br \/>\n\u2022 Time-consuming and costly analysis<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Lower specificity, not suitable for dilute samples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Suitable target(s)<\/td>\n<td>Antigen<\/td>\n<td>Antibody<\/td>\n<td>Macromolecular antigen<\/td>\n<td>Haptens, small molecule antigens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"P3\"><\/a>Causes of false positive, high background, low signal of ELISA<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ELISA often encounters unstable results, including false positives, high background values, or no\/low signal. False positives or high background values can be attributed, in part, to incomplete removal of unbound antibodies, antigens, or impurities between steps, leading to background signals or nonspecific interactions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<table class=\"no-border\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"60%\">\n<p>ROCKER BioWasher 100 ELISA Washer, specially designed height of tubes, prevents cross-contamination.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/en\/product\/life-sciences\/gravity-fed-microplate-washer\/biowasher-100elisa-washer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BioWasher 100 ELISA Microplate Washer<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/en\/product\/life-sciences\/gravity-fed-microplate-washer\/biowasher-100t-elisa-washer\/\">BioWasher 100-T ELISA Microplate Washer<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"40%\">\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/BioWasher100\u7d44\u5408-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"383\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/en\/product\/life-sciences\/gravity-fed-microplate-washer\/biowasher-100t-elisa-washer\/\">BioWasher 100-T Microplate ELISA Washer<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29055\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29055\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/en\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29055 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/rocker-scientific-global-dealer-network-quick-quote-1.webp-1.webp\" alt=\"Rocker Global Dealer Network banner offering dedicated support from local experts in USA, India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and worldwide for quick quotes.\" width=\"900\" height=\"120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/rocker-scientific-global-dealer-network-quick-quote-1.webp-1.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/rocker-scientific-global-dealer-network-quick-quote-1.webp-1-768x102.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.rocker.com.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/rocker-scientific-global-dealer-network-quick-quote-1.webp-1-600x80.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global expert support across USA, Asia, and worldwide. \u25b2Click to get a quick quote from your local Rocker dealer.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"P4\"><\/a>ELISA procedure<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To minimize the occurrence of false positives and high background values, it is essential to perform &#8220;wash&#8221; steps between each stage of ELISA. This step helps eliminate the interference caused by non-specific or low-affinity reactants. The wash buffer typically used is phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or TBS buffer, and it is advisable to include an appropriate concentration of surfactant, such as 0.01% to 0.1% Tween-20 or Triton X-100, to reduce non-specific binding in samples.<\/p>\n<p>The washing process holds great importance. Generally, each wash step necessitates 2-5 washes with buffer. If manual washing is employed, it is crucial to shake off any residual reaction solution and promptly add the subsequent reaction solution to avoid excessive drying of the microwell plate.<\/p>\n<table width=\"667\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Manual washing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Microplate washer<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Suction<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Micropipette with manual spin dry<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Dispenser<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Dispensing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Micropipette and wash bottle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">Dispenser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Microplate placement<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Lay flat<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Lay flat or horizontal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Liquid residue<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Tilt manually<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">Suggested to use tilt-able equipment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Autoclavable<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Depending on the dispenser<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Usually autoclavable<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"165\">\n<p>Cost<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Lower<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"251\">\n<p>Total cost of the whole system (including vacuum pump, etc.) is to be considered<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"P5\"><\/a>Differences between ELISA and PCR?<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>With the advancement of analytical technology, it is now possible to analyze a wide range of substances and molecules using various technologies. ELISA and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) are often compared to each other. The following is a comparison table between these two methods.<\/p>\n<table width=\"321\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">ELISA<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">PCR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">How it work<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Uses the specific combination between antigen and antibody, and use enzyme to catalyze the color reaction<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Amplify DNA fragments to detect pathogens or detect genes of interest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Detection target<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Protein<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">DNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Sensitivity<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Higher<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Lower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Specificity<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Lower<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Processing time<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Longer<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Shorter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Cost<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Lower<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">Comparison for detecting coronavirus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Sample<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Serum<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Saliva<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Analytical target<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Antibody<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">DNA after RNA reverse transcription<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\">Purpose<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Confirming whether the human body has been infected by the virus<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Detecting whether the virus is present in the human body.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, in the field of epidemiology, combining ELISA with PCR for virus or organism detection, such as Monkeypox virus (MPV), Hantavirus, Norovirus, etc., can yield a more comprehensive detection effect.<\/p>\n<p>Another technique worth mentioning is the combination of ELISA with PCR, known as PCR-ELISA. This method enables direct quantification of DNA immobilized on a solid surface through PCR. However, since this article primarily focuses on the analysis method of ELISA, it will not discuss PCR-ELISA.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>ELISA Applications\uff1a<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical medicine: diagnosis of cancer, autoimmune disease, infectious disease, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Virus testing: coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), West Nile Virus, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Point-of-care testing: home pregnancy tests<\/li>\n<li>Academic research: DNA\/RNA quantification, cell signaling, metabolic pathway, gene expression and regulation, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Food Safety: Food Allergens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blockscientific.com\/advantages-elisa-tests\">Advantages of ELISA Tests, BLOCK Scientific<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4058250\/\">Application of PCR-ELISA in Molecular Diagnosis, 2014<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4961986\/\">Comparative Evaluation of RUT, PCR and ELISA Tests for Detection of Infection with Cytotoxigenic H. pylori, 2016<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.elisa-antibody.com\/ELISA-applications.html\">ELISA Applications \/ Applications of ELISA, ELISA ENCYCLOPEDIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bio-rad-antibodies.com\/elisa-results-quantitative-semi-qualitative.html\">ELISA: Results &#8211; Quantitative, Qualitative and Sensitivity, BIO-RAD<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27388394\/\">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): the basics, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2016<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a powerful and widely used laboratory technique in the field of immunology. It plays a pivotal role in detecting and quantifying specific proteins, antibodies, or antigens in biological samples. ELISA offers high sensitivity, specificity, and versatility, making it an indispensable tool in various areas such as clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17493,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"application-category":[],"class_list":["post-17485","application","type-application","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ELISA | What&#039;s ELISA? 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